Bash Index : E - Httqm's Docs

exit n

causes the shell to exit with a status of n
if n is omitted, the exit status is that of the last command executed
a trap on exit is executed before the shell terminates

When used within a function, will exit exit the script or the function ?

#!/usr/bin/env bash

getOutOfHere() {
	echo 'So long, and thanks for all the fish!'
	exit
	}

echo 'BEFORE'
getOutOfHere
echo 'AFTER'

BEFORE
So long, and thanks for all the fish!

exit ends the script.

e2fsprogs

File System Check : check and repair file systems of the ext2 / ext3 / ext4 family.

the e2fsck command executes the /sbin/e2fsck binary
all flavors of fsck.extn are symlinks to /sbin/e2fsck

This command MUSTN'T be used on mounted filesystems.

Flag	Usage
-a	same as -p (option kept for backwards compatibility)
-c	check disk for new bad blocks, and append them to the list of bad blocks
-f	force checking even if the file system seems clean
-n	Assume an answer of `no` to all questions. Warn only, don't write anything to the disk. Conflicts with -p and -y.
-p	repair automatically without asking : fix any problem that can be safely fixed without human intervention.
-v	verbose mode
-w	write changes to disk immediately (for fsck.msdos only)
-y	Assume an answer of `yes` to all questions. Conflicts with -n and -p.

Exit codes :

Bit	Usage
0	No error
1	All errors have been corrected
2	All errors have been corrected but system should be rebooted
4	Some errors left uncorrected
8	Operational error
16	Usage or syntax error
32	Program cancelled by user request
64	(unused)
128	Shared library error

umount /dev/sdb1 && fsck.ext3 -pv /dev/sdb1

When a program is invoked it is given an array of strings called the environment. This is a list of name-value pairs, of the form name=value. On invocation, the shell scans its own environment and creates a parameter for each name found, automatically marking it for export to child processes. Executed commands inherit the environment.
The export and declare -x commands allow parameters and functions to be added to and deleted from the environment. If the value of a parameter in the environment is modified, the new value becomes part of the environment, replacing the old. The environment inherited by any executed command consists of the shell's initial environment, whose values may be modified in the shell, less any pairs removed by the unset command, plus any additions via the export and declare -x commands.
When bash invokes an external command, the variable _ is set to the full file name of the command and passed to that command in its environment.

These 2 constructs are equivalent :

name=value; export name
export name=value

Flag	Usage
-f name	name being exported is a function
-n name	unexport the variable name
-p	print all exported variables

Examples are worth 1000 words :

$foo='Hello, World'; echo $foo
Hello, World

$bar='Goodbye'; export foo; bash
bash-3.2$echo $foo
Hello, World
bash-3.2$echo $bar
(nothing)

bash-3.2$exit
$export -n foo; bash
bash-3.2$echo $foo
(nothing)
bash-3.2$exit

execute commands and open, close, or copy file descriptors

Playing with file descriptors :

Open readFile as file descriptor 3 for reading :: exec 3< readFile
Open writeFile as file descriptor 4 for writing (examples) :: exec 4> writeFile
Make file descriptor 5 a copy of file descriptor 0 :: exec 5<&0
Close file descriptor 3 :: exec 3<&-

File descriptors 0, 1 and 2 are "reserved". You can still use them, but don't forget you're not the only one using them (details)

How to enable / disable output messages in arbitrary sections of a script ?

See exec lines of gitMergeSquash.sh.

The `exec > /path/to/logFile 2>&1` construct (source, use with care in one-liners) :

This is a trick so that stdout and stderr are redirected to /path/to/logFile for ALL commands of a script. Let's experiment this :

#!/usr/bin/env bash

logFile=$(mktemp --tmpdir tmp.logFile.XXXXXXXX)
>"$logFile"			purge the log file of previous tests

exec 2>> "$logFile"		redirect stderr to log file
ls .				list the current directory contents in the shell window
ls aFileThatIsNotHere		the error message is appended to the log file but not shown in the shell window

exec &>> "$logFile"		redirecting stdout and stderr to log file
ls ..				list the parent directory contents in the log file
ls aFileThatIsNotHere		the error message is appended to the log file but not shown in the shell window

exec > /path/to/logFile 2>&1 can be shortened to exec &> /path/to/logFile
In the snippet above, I use double redirection >> because I don't want successive calls to exec from the same script to overwrite the log file. In the "real word", calling exec only once should suffice and single redirection (>) should be enough, unless you want to append to the same log file forever . Check it :
outFile='./outFile'; exec 4>$outFile; echo 'hello' >&4; echo 'world' >&4; cat $outFile; rm $outFile
```
hello
world
```
outFile='./outFile'; exec 4>$outFile; echo 'hello' >&4; exec 4>$outFile; echo 'world' >&4; cat $outFile; rm $outFile
```
world
```
outFile='./outFile'; echo 'HELLO' >$outFile; exec 4>$outFile; echo 'hello' >&4; echo 'world' >&4; cat $outFile; rm $outFile
```
hello
world
```
outFile='./outFile'; exec 4>$outFile; echo 'hello' >&4; exec 4>>$outFile; echo 'world' >&4; cat $outFile; rm $outFile
```
hello
world
```
outFile='./outFile'; echo 'HELLO' >$outFile; exec 4>>$outFile; echo 'hello' >&4; echo 'world' >&4; cat $outFile; rm $outFile
```
HELLO
hello
world
```

Some restrictions apply to one-liners :

The exec &> /path/to/logFile construct is extremely convenient but should be used with care in one-liners. Indeed, such commands affect the current shell :

exec &>/dev/null; echo 'hello world'; echo 'anybody there ?': This redirects the default file descriptors STDOUT and STDERR to /dev/null, including for the current session : this will display nothing forever and you've just f*cked up your current shell session
(exec &>/dev/null; echo 'hello world'); echo 'anybody there ?': This will display anybody there ? only : thanks to the (), the /dev/null redirect is only effective within a subshell process. You current shell session is safe

Execute arguments as a shell command. Let's see what this means with examples :

myCommand='ls -l'; $myCommand

This effectively lists files.

myCommand='ls -l | less'; $myCommand

ls: cannot access |: No such file or directory
ls: cannot access less: No such file or directory

This fails because ls tries to list files named | and less instead of considering these as the continuation of the command. ls needs to be taught that this is a whole command.

myCommand='ls -l | less'; eval "$myCommand"

Works like a charm

Quotes or not around the "evaluated" command ?

touch "withoutSpace" "with space"; ls -l withoutSpace with space

ls: cannot access with: No such file or directory
ls: cannot access space: No such file or directory
-rw-r----- 1 bob users 0 Sep  3 15:23 withoutSpace

touch "withoutSpace" "with space"; ls -l withoutSpace "with space"

-rw-r----- 1 bob users 0 Sep  3 15:23 withoutSpace
-rw-r----- 1 bob users 0 Sep  3 15:23 with space

touch "withoutSpace" "with space"; command='ls -l withoutSpace "with space"'; $command

ls: cannot access "with: No such file or directory
ls: cannot access space": No such file or directory
-rw-r----- 1 bob users 0 Sep  3 15:24 withoutSpace

touch "withoutSpace" "with space"; command='ls -l withoutSpace "with space"'; eval $command

-rw-r----- 1 bob users 0 Sep  3 15:24 withoutSpace
-rw-r----- 1 bob users 0 Sep  3 15:24 with space

touch "withoutSpace" "with space"; command='ls -l withoutSpace "with space"'; eval "$command"

-rw-r----- 1 bob users 0 Sep  3 15:25 withoutSpace
-rw-r----- 1 bob users 0 Sep  3 15:25 with space

doesn't seem to make a difference

Display message on screen, writes each given string to standard output, with a space between each and a newline after the last one.

Flag	Usage
-e	enable interpretation of backslash-escaped characters the output string must be quoted (either single or double).
-n	do not output a trailing newline

echo -e 'hello\nworld'
```
hello
world
```
echo -n apple; echo banana; echo coconut
```
applebanana
coconut
```

Bash Index : E - The 'E' Bash commands : description, flags and examples

exit

Usage

Example

When used within a function, will exit exit the script or the function ?

e2fsck, fsck.ext4, fsck.msdos

Installed with the Debian package

Usage

Flags

Exit codes :

Example

export

Usage

Flags

Example

Examples are worth 1000 words :

exec

Usage

Example

Playing with file descriptors :

How to enable / disable output messages in arbitrary sections of a script ?

The `exec > /path/to/logFile 2>&1` construct (source, use with care in one-liners) :

Some restrictions apply to one-liners :

eval

Quotes or not around the "evaluated" command ?

echo

Usage

Flags

Example

exit

Usage

Example

When used within a function, will exit exit the script or the function ?

e2fsck, fsck.ext4, fsck.msdos

Installed with the Debian package

Usage

Flags

Exit codes :

Example

export

Usage

Flags

Example

Examples are worth 1000 words :

exec

Usage

Example

Playing with file descriptors :

How to enable / disable output messages in arbitrary sections of a script ?

The exec > /path/to/logFile 2>&1 construct (source, use with care in one-liners) :

Some restrictions apply to one-liners :

eval

Quotes or not around the "evaluated" command ?

echo

Usage

Flags

Example

The `exec > /path/to/logFile 2>&1` construct (source, use with care in one-liners) :